?

隨(sui)著(zhu)我(wo)(wo)國對外改革開(kai)放的(de)進一步(bu)深(shen)入(ru),酒店(dian)賓(bin)館(guan)的(de)建(jian)設在我(wo)(wo)國已掀(xian)起一個高潮。再加上近年(nian)來各種(zhong)新技術(shu)、新方(fang)法的(de)不斷出現,特(te)別是(shi)近年(nian)來弱(ruo)電(dian)(dian)系統發展(zhan)得特(te)別快(kuai),如何做好新時期建(jian)筑特(te)別是(shi)星級賓(bin)館(guan)的(de)弱(ruo)電(dian)(dian)系統設計(ji),是(shi)擺(bai)在我(wo)(wo)們電(dian)(dian)氣設計(ji)人員面前的(de)新課題。

酒店公(gong)共(gong)廣(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)，賓(bin)館(guan)公(gong)共(gong)廣(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)系統的設置原則

我們知道,建筑的音響系(xi)統一般可分(fen)為(wei)以下三(san)種:

n業(ye)務性廣播系(xi)統

n服務(wu)性廣播(bo)系(xi)統(tong)

n火災事故廣播系(xi)統

根據《民用建筑(zhu)電氣設計規范》要(yao)求(qiu),酒店賓館公(gong)共廣(guang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)系統應設置服(fu)務(wu)性(xing)(xing)廣(guang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)系統和火災事(shi)故廣(guang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)系統。服(fu)務(wu)性(xing)(xing)廣(guang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)系統應以滿足欣賞性(xing)(xing)音(yin)樂(le)類廣(guang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)為(wei)主,且節目設置不宜超過五套。賓館的服(fu)務(wu)性(xing)(xing)廣(guang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)系統包括背景音(yin)樂(le)和客房(fang)音(yin)響。

專業音(yin)響工程(cheng)背景音(yin)樂和客房公(gong)共(gong)廣播系統的設計

星級賓館應(ying)在(zai)(zai)辦(ban)公室、走廊、門(men)廳及公共場所設(she)置背景(jing)音(yin)樂(le)(le)。背景(jing)音(yin)樂(le)(le)揚聲器(qi)一般(ban)選用3W～5W。客(ke)房音(yin)響系統顧(gu)名思義是在(zai)(zai)客(ke)房內設(she)置供客(ke)人(ren)休息、時收聽的(de)音(yin)樂(le)(le)節目。前面已經說過,節目的(de)設(she)置一般(ban)不超過五(wu)套。

揚(yang)聲設備的選擇

背(bei)景(jing)音樂系(xi)統(tong)平時主(zhu)要(yao)播送背(bei)景(jing)音樂,給人們提供一(yi)個良好的(de)(de)辦(ban)公、學(xue)習環境。在辦(ban)公室、生(sheng)活間(jian)(jian)、更衣室等房間(jian)(jian)內(nei)可按0.05W/m2左(zuo)右裝設。一(yi)般(ban)會(hui)議室、餐廳、商場等大(da)開間(jian)(jian)宜裝設1W～3W揚(yang)(yang)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)器。層高為(wei)2.5m左(zuo)右時,采用1W揚(yang)(yang)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)器;層高為(wei)4m以上時,采用3W揚(yang)(yang)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)器。間(jian)(jian)距均為(wei)層高的(de)(de)2.5倍左(zuo)右。走道揚(yang)(yang)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)器問距按層高的(de)(de)2.5倍左(zuo)右考慮。客房音響系(xi)統(tong)一(yi)般(ban)是在每間(jian)(jian)標準客房內(nei)裝設1W的(de)(de)揚(yang)(yang)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)器。揚(yang)(yang)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)器一(yi)般(ban)均吸(xi)頂安裝。

音頻傳輸方(fang)式的選擇

音(yin)頻傳(chuan)輸方式一(yi)(yi)般有兩(liang)種(zhong):定(ding)(ding)壓輸出方式和定(ding)(ding)阻(zu)(zu)輸出方式。定(ding)(ding)壓輸出廣播(bo)范(fan)圍大(da),用戶增(zeng)減較(jiao)(jiao)方便(bian);定(ding)(ding)阻(zu)(zu)輸出的廣播(bo)范(fan)圍較(jiao)(jiao)小,配線(xian)簡(jian)單(dan)而且音(yin)質較(jiao)(jiao)好。但(dan)由(you)于定(ding)(ding)阻(zu)(zu)輸出網絡阻(zu)(zu)抗計算較(jiao)(jiao)麻煩(fan),切除(chu)用戶揚聲(sheng)器(qi)時必須用相當(dang)的等值阻(zu)(zu)抗假性(xing)負載(zai)代替。因此(ci)只(zhi)適(shi)用于廣播(bo)網較(jiao)(jiao)小的場所。而星級賓館的廣播(bo)范(fan)圍都比較(jiao)(jiao)大(da),用戶也經常增(zeng)減廣播(bo)單(dan)元(yuan),因此(ci)星級賓館的廣播(bo)網絡一(yi)(yi)般都選用定(ding)(ding)壓輸出,功率(lv)傳(chuan)送。

客(ke)房(fang)(fang)音響系統(tong)的設(she)計還有一種做法是把(ba)(ba)所有音響節目經(jing)調制(zhi)器混入共用(yong)天線系統(tong)，通過(guo)同(tong)軸電纜送入客(ke)房(fang)(fang)，在床頭控制(zhi)柜上(shang)裝調頻(pin)接收機把(ba)(ba)音頻(pin)信(xin)號解調出節省設(she)備。但每(mei)個房(fang)(fang)間(jian)使(shi)用(yong)不方便,現(xian)在大型賓館很少(shao)采用(yong)這(zhe)種設(she)計。

系統(tong)前端設(she)備的選(xuan)擇與設(she)置(zhi)

如前所述(shu),星(xing)級賓館的(de)音(yin)響系統宜選用定(ding)壓輸出,功(gong)(gong)率(lv)傳送(song)。下面給出功(gong)(gong)放設備(bei)的(de)容量計算公式:

P=K1×K2×Σ0

式中,P----功放(fang)設備輸出(chu)的總電(dian)功率;

P0=Ki×Pi,每分路(lu)同時(shi)廣播的最(zui)大電功(gong)率;

p1----第(di)i支(zhi)路設備的額定容(rong)量;

Ki----第i支路的同時需要系數(shu);

客房音響系(xi)統每套取0.2～0.4;背景音樂系(xi)統取0.5～0.6；

K1線(xian)路衰(shuai)耗(hao)補償系數;賓館音響系統允許衰(shuai)耗(hao)1dB,取1.26；

K2老化系數,一般取1.2～1.4。

例如:某三星級賓館有320套(tao)客房,按每(mei)間客房裝設四套(tao)節目(mu),使(shi)用1W揚聲(sheng)器,則每(mei)套(tao)節目(mu)功放設備(bei)的容量計算如下:

P=K１×K２×ΣＰ0=1.26×1.4×(320×0.4)=226W

所以,每套節目(mu)(mu)可選(xuan)擇2臺120W的(de)功(gong)率放大器(qi),四(si)套節目(mu)(mu)共八臺即可滿足要求。

前端設備除了功放(fang)單元以外,還有信(xin)號(hao)源、前置增音(yin)機(ji)(ji)、監聽器等(deng)。信(xin)號(hao)源一(yi)般可選(xuan)用(yong)立體聲調(diao)頻接收機(ji)(ji)、自動回帶播放(fang)錄音(yin)機(ji)(ji)、CD唱機(ji)(ji)等(deng)。前置增音(yin)機(ji)(ji)的(de)功能(neng)是把信(xin)號(hao)源來的(de)不同電(dian)平的(de)信(xin)號(hao)進(jin)行規整、放(fang)大,使不同信(xin)號(hao)源的(de)電(dian)平在(zai)進(jin)入功放(fang)設備時(shi)基本(ben)一(yi)致,以保證(zheng)每(mei)套節目的(de)電(dian)平在(zai)放(fang)大輸出后基本(ben)一(yi)致。

酒店背景(jing)音(yin)樂系統，服(fu)務性廣播(背景(jing)音(yin)樂和客房音(yin)樂)與(yu)火災事故廣播的(de)關系

酒店賓(bin)館(guan)建筑的(de)服務性廣(guang)(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)與火(huo)災事(shi)(shi)故(gu)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)均(jun)合用揚聲(sheng)器(qi)。我國《火(huo)災自動報警系(xi)統(tong)設計規范》指出,火(huo)災時(shi),應能在消防(fang)控制室將火(huo)災疏散層的(de)揚聲(sheng)器(qi)和廣(guang)(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)音響(xiang)擴(kuo)音機強制轉入火(huo)災事(shi)(shi)故(gu)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)狀(zhuang)態。賓(bin)館(guan)客房(fang)的(de)揚聲(sheng)器(qi)應具有(you)火(huo)災事(shi)(shi)故(gu)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)功能。因此,在具有(you)緊急廣(guang)(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)功能的(de)賓(bin)館(guan)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)播(bo)(bo)音響(xiang)系(xi)統(tong)設計中(zhong),必須注意:

n消防報警信(xin)號應在系統中具有最高優先權(quan),應具備切斷背(bei)景音(yin)樂和客房音(yin)響等狀態(tai)的功能;

n應便于消(xiao)防報警值班人(ren)員(yuan)進行控(kong)制(zhi);

n傳輸電纜和(he)揚聲(sheng)器(qi)應具有(you)防火(huo)特性;

n最(zui)好設置獨立的備用電源設備,在交流電斷電的情(qing)況下,保證報(bao)警廣(guang)播(bo)的實施。

因此(ci),在設計(ji)酒店(dian)賓(bin)館公共廣(guang)播系統時(shi)如何(he)使服務性(xing)廣(guang)播與(yu)火災事故廣(guang)播有機結合,是在設計(ji)時(shi)需要特別考慮的問題。

其(qi)實(shi)(shi)(shi),實(shi)(shi)(shi)現這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)機(ji)結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法很多,下面介紹一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)簡(jian)單實(shi)(shi)(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)做法:末端切(qie)換(huan)(huan)(huan)系統(tong)。我(wo)們(men)知道,無論是(shi)背景音(yin)(yin)樂還是(shi)客房音(yin)(yin)響,都(dou)是(shi)把信號(hao)送至揚聲(sheng)器,并在(zai)揚聲(sheng)器前(qian)端加上音(yin)(yin)量(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)。為了使緊急(ji)廣(guang)播(bo)不(bu)受音(yin)(yin)量(liang)(liang)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),現在(zai)火(huo)災(zai)報(bao)(bao)警控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)都(dou)提(ti)供一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)帶地(di)址編碼的(de)(de)(de)(de)切(qie)換(huan)(huan)(huan)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai),此(ci)切(qie)換(huan)(huan)(huan)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)在(zai)正常情況下,接通服務(wu)性廣(guang)播(bo),一(yi)旦有(you)緊急(ji)情況,馬上能(neng)由(you)火(huo)災(zai)報(bao)(bao)警控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)切(qie)換(huan)(huan)(huan)到(dao)緊急(ji)廣(guang)播(bo)狀態。并可根(gen)據火(huo)災(zai)事故(gu)(gu)情況,指揮事故(gu)(gu)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)上兩層及下一(yi)層人(ren)員疏散。由(you)于這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信號(hao)是(shi)在(zai)末端切(qie)換(huan)(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de),所以稱之為末端切(qie)換(huan)(huan)(huan)系統(tong)。需(xu)要指出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi),切(qie)換(huan)(huan)(huan)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)必須在(zai)音(yin)(yin)量(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)之后,才能(neng)保證火(huo)災(zai)事故(gu)(gu)廣(guang)播(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最高優(you)先權不(bu)受音(yin)(yin)量(liang)(liang)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作原理如下圖:

酒店賓館公共廣播系統，音晌前端室的布置與設計

酒店賓館(guan)的音響控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)室一(yi)(yi)般均與(yu)有線電視前端機房合(he)用。這是因(yin)為他(ta)們工作時間和服(fu)務(wu)對象(xiang)差不多,合(he)在一(yi)(yi)起,可以減(jian)少管理人員(yuan),提高效(xiao)率。大型音響系統的前端一(yi)(yi)般設(she)有:機房控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)室、錄播室、資料室、辦公室等。每間面積(ji)一(yi)(yi)般可控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)在20m2左右(you)。機房控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)室的設(she)備布置(zhi)應(ying)符合(he)下列(lie)要(yao)求:

柜(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)前凈距(ju)不小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于1.5m,柜(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)側與墻(qiang)、柜(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)和柜(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)背與墻(qiang)的凈距(ju)不應小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于0.8m,柜(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)側要(yao)維護時柜(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)間距(ju)離不應小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于1m。

音晌系統的線路敷設

酒店賓館一(yi)般(ban)(ban)均(jun)有弱電豎井,為了減少每(mei)套節(jie)目的相(xiang)互(hu)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)和每(mei)套節(jie)目間(jian)的相(xiang)互(hu)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao),每(mei)套節(jie)目出線(xian)分別穿鋼管沿(yan)弱電豎井敷(fu)設。干(gan)(gan)線(xian)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)采(cai)用(yong)ZR-BV-500　2.5mm2或4mm2導線(xian),每(mei)層支線(xian)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)選用(yong)ZR-BV-500　1.5mm2導線(xian)穿鋼管沿(yan)吊頂內暗敷(fu)。

音晌系統的供電與接地

酒店賓館的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統均有雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),因此(ci),在(zai)音響(xiang)控制室設一(yi)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)箱,此(ci)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)箱由雙路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),末端互(hu)技,以保(bao)證音響(xiang)控制室的供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。另外,一(yi)般均設有穩壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)置及(ji)不間斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)置,從而更好地保(bao)證供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠性及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)量。

廣(guang)播(bo)控(kong)制室應(ying)設置保(bao)護接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)和工(gong)(gong)作接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)。為減少供電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)對廣(guang)播(bo)音(yin)頻系(xi)統(tong)的影響,保(bao)護接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)和工(gong)(gong)作接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)應(ying)分開設置。推薦一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)做法是在弱(ruo)電(dian)豎井(jing)和強(qiang)電(dian)豎井(jing)內(nei)各敷設一(yi)(yi)根40×4的銅帶分別作為弱(ruo)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)的工(gong)(gong)作接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)和強(qiang)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)的保(bao)護接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)。這(zhe)種(zhong)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)在接(jie)(jie)入大地(di)(di)(di)時是一(yi)(yi)點(dian)接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di),總接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)電(dian)阻不得(de)大于(yu)1Ω。這(zhe)樣(yang),就可使弱(ruo)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)更好地(di)(di)(di)工(gong)(gong)作。